Changes in Physical Properties of Soils with Land Use Time in the Brazilian Savanna Environment

Soils from central Brazil have been intensively used over the last decades because of the rapid conversion of savannas ( Cerrado ) into corn/soybean fields. The objective of this work is to study modifications in the physical properties of soils in the Rio Verde watershed, as a function of the land use time for agriculture, determined from classification of Landsat satellite images between 1980 and 2010. Soil samples were collected at surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) horizons for the different classes of land use time (<10, 10–20, 20–30, and >30 years). The following physical properties were measured: bulk density (BD), air permeability (K_a), penetration resistance (PR), microporosity (MI), macroporosity (MA), and total porosity (TP). Results showed a strong expansion with time of agriculture that occupied 35·3% (1980), 37·4% (1990), 51·3% (2000), and 60·9% (2010) of the watershed area. When properties were compared with those from the reference areas (preserved soils under native vegetation), significant differences were observed for all the physical attributes of soils for a land use time higher than 20 years. Overall, BD and PR increased with land use time, and the opposite was verified for K_a, MA, and TP. Some physical properties presented values (e.g., 1·54 g cm⁻³ for BD and 0.06 cm³ cm⁻³ for MA) close to the critical ones reported to affect crop development, but they were not still impacting on local soybean yield. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超声波降解微量氯仿研究

探讨了超声波降解管网水中微量氯仿的可行性 ,并初步研究了超声波对氯仿去除的反应级数以及pH值的变化 ;着重研究了影响超声作用效果的三个主要因素 :超声频率、超声功率、溶液初始浓度 ,得到不同条件下的最优化反应条件。实验中超声波去除管网水中微量氯仿的最优条件为 :频率 83kHz、电功率 60W、初始浓度 64× 10 - 6 g L。     

冀北沙荒地退化程度诊断及其短期封育效果评价

以冀北退化沙荒地为研究对象,以恢复生态学为研究理论基础,对冀北沙荒地各项指标进行权重赋值,诊断沙荒地的退化程度,并通过分析封育区、未封育区及其地带植被演替顶级群落的土壤理化性质和植被数量特征,评价5年封育效果。结果表明,沙荒地封育区及未封育区均属中度退化程度,沙荒地土壤状况尚未因为5年的封育得到明显改善;植被状况虽有明显改善,但还处在演替初期的草本植被阶段,与地带植被演替顶级群落仍存在很大差距,封育措施需要持续下去。     

碳水化合物降解产物对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵的影响

研究了木质纤维原料预处理产生的主要碳水化合物降解产物对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵的影响,以及酿酒酵母对玉米秸秆酶水解液的乙醇发酵.碳水化合物降解产物对酿酒酵母NLH13乙醇发酵毒性依次为:甲酸>乙酸>糠醛>羟甲基糠醛,酿酒酵母NLH13乙醇发酵可耐受的甲酸和乙酸质量浓度分别为1和4 g/L,酿酒酵母NLHl3在2～10 g/L范...     

民勤荒漠草地退化原因及治理对策

介绍了民勤荒漠草地资源和草地退化现状,分析了导致荒漠草地植物组成变劣,草地生产力下降,草地生境日趋荒漠化等退化原因是由自然因素和人为因素综合引起的,有针对性地提出了民勤荒漠草地应采取加强行政措施和强化技术措施相结合的治理对策.     

连栽马尾松人工林土壤肥力比较研究

采用配对样地法,以不同栽植代数(1、2 代)、不同发育阶段(8、15、18、20 a)的马尾松人工林为对象,研究了连栽幼龄林、中龄林土壤肥力的变化情况。结果表明:连栽后,无论是幼龄林还是中龄林,林地土壤密度趋于下降,土壤总孔隙度和含水率则呈上升趋势,林地土壤物理性质得到改善,且中龄林20~40 cm层土壤密度和总孔隙度在1、2代间的差异达显著水平;连栽后,林地土壤全K、全Mg及pH值趋于下降,而有机质、全N、全P、全Ca及速效N、P、K养分均呈上升趋势,且幼龄林0~20 cm层土壤有效P含量以及土壤pH值、中龄林0~20 cm层土壤水解N含量以及土壤全N、有效P、速效K、全K含量在1、2代间的差异达显著或极显著水平。连栽后,幼龄林和中龄林土壤全Fe、Al、Cu、Zn、Mn含量均呈下降趋势,且Mn含量在1、2代幼龄林和中龄林间的差异达显著水平。     

棒曲霉素控制技术及检测方法研究进展

系统阐述了棒曲霉素的的理化性质,分析了国内外对棒曲霉素检测、去除及降解技术研究的现状及存在问题,提出了我国目前应着力解决的关键技术性问题:①建立食品中棒曲霉素的全程控制技术体系,从源头做起,在食品生产的不同阶段嵌入关键控制技术,实现全程监测、预警及控制;②建立棒曲霉素的现场快速检测方法及监测技术体系,为实时控制提供基础数据;③进一步研究完善食品中棒曲霉素的安全去除技术方法;④研究开发食品中棒曲霉素安全的降解技术,构建降解与去除相耦合的新型工艺技术体系。     

海南橡胶园土壤持续利用措施的研究

This research was designed to help solve existing sustainable use problems such as soil nutrient loss and soil fertility decline in natural rubber plantations located in the hilly land of the south central mountainous area of Hainan Island,China. Two different land management practices, sustainable and traditional, were adopted in a four-year experiment.Contour terraced fields and deep ditches for green manure were built in a sustainable way with a balanced, need-based application of complex fertilizer. Results of the four-year experiment showed that these sustainable measures compared to traditional measures improved available P and available K; had a 47.8% less soil erosion (an average of 3663 t km^-2 year^-1) and a 15.9% lower runoff coefficient of 0.53; increased the dry rubber yield by 42.4%; and improved the economic benefit by 2.4 times. The sustainable land management scheme not only improved land utilisation efficiency, hut also helped maintain soil fertility while increasing production in rubber plantations. It thereby offered a reasonable and sustainable use for land resources in the tropical mountainous areas.     

我国草地退化及治理对策

本文系统地分析了我国的草地退化现状及动态变化、草地退化对草地本身的影响和对农业的危害、草地退化的原因。提出了草地保护与建设的措施。     

我国西部退化土壤生态重建的特点与土壤培肥

我国西部地区所属的川、渝、黔、滇、藏、陕、甘、青、宁、新、蒙、桂 12省 (市、区 )是我国重要的农产品生产基地和建设长江上游、黄河上游生态屏障的主要区域。培肥退化土壤是目前西部地区实施退化土壤生态重建中的重点 ,具体措施为 :应用秸秆直接还田技术 ,提高土壤有机肥施用量 ;有机肥和无机肥搭配使用 ,提高优化配方施肥技术水平 ;大力推广新型农用物资 ,减轻其对土壤的污染 ;搞好实用农业新技术的组装 ,增强土壤生产能力